Ecology and evolution of mutualisms

We are broadly interested in the ecology and evolution of species interactions. Much of our research focuses on understanding how cooperation between species can persist. Mutualisms are present nearly everywhere, and are essential for many ecosystems. For example, many plants need pollinators to reproduce, and many animals, including humans, need gut bacteria to take up nutrients. But why would individuals from different species provide costly benefits to each other? What prevents partners from turning into cheaters that reap the benefits of the interaction without paying the costs? How are mutualisms maintained despite these and other challenges? Our research explores these, and other questions related to the ecology and evolution of mutualisms.